accesslib:get_child_contexts() reworked to use context.path

accesslib:get_child_contexts() reworked to use context.path

Using context.path, now get_child_contexts...

 - always takes 1 query
 - populated the context_cache
 - returns full records
 - when called with an category, it won't
   recurse into the children of courses

Also

 - All callers in accesslib changed to the new
   calling convention

A normal course page with a std blocks and a few
activities sees around 100 queries less with this patch.

Note: this commit is slightly different on HEAD/19 and on
MOODLE_18_STABLE, as groups-related tables have changed.