calendar: performance optimisations + behaviour fix (MDL-7416 MDL-9617)

calendar: performance optimisations + behaviour fix (MDL-7416 MDL-9617)

With 2500 courses the calendar was causing around 15000 queries at login and 5000 on the home page.

- Replaced queries inside loops with single unlooped queries.
- Fixed calendar so that course events will show when the users role is assigned at a category level.
- Moved calendar_session_vars() function call out of calendar/lib.php (including a lib should not have side effects)

Author: Matt Clarkson - with some conflict resolution from MartinL